What do these words mean?

1. ancient very old.
2. citadel castle.
3. marsh lake.
4. ziggurat temple.
5. bright shining.

Lesson 2: Richard in Iraq

Lesson 2 (SB) P: 6 (Richard in Iraq)

(ريتشارد في العراق) ص6. كتاب الطالب.

Lesson 2 (AB) P: 4

تمرين (C) ص4. ماذا تعني الكلمات التالية:

C. What do these words mean?

1. ancient very old.
2. citadel castle.
3. marsh lake.
4. ziggurat temple.
5. bright shining.

1. الماضي البسيط هو حدث وقع في زمن الماضي وانتهى، والظروف التي تأتي مع هذا الزمن هي: (ago, last, yesterday). وهنالك نوعان من الأفعال: (الأفعال القياسية والأفعال الغير قياسية).

2. الأفعال القياسية (regular verbs) وهي أفعال نضيف لها (d/ed).

3. لتحويل الفعل المجرد إلى ماضي بسيط نضيف (ed) إلى نهاية الكلمة:

Ex: work → worked / visit → visited

4. إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بالحرف (e) نضيف له (d) فقط:

Ex: invite → invited

5. إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بالحرف (y) وقبله حرف صحيح، يقلب ال (y) الى (i) ونضيف (ed):

Ex: study → studied

6. إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بالحرف (y) وقبله حرف علة (a-o-u-i-e) فلا يقلب بل يبقى كما هو ونضيف (ed):

Ex: play → played / enjoy → enjoyed / stay → stayed

7. هنالك أفعال شاذة عن القاعدة وهي الأفعال الغير قياسية (irregular verbs) لا تخضع لقاعدة معينة كما في الجدول التالي:

8. إذا كان الفعل الرئيسي هو فعل الكينونة (be) فيتحول إلى (was) أو ( were) حسب فاعل الجملة:

be → was (I, he, she, it)
be → were (you, we, they)

9. قاعدة الماضي البسيط في حالة الإثبات هي:

Ex: Ali (play) tennis yesterday. (past simple) حول الى الماضي البسيط
- Ali played tennis yesterday.
Ex: He (see) the bird on the roof. (Past simple)
- He saw the bird on the roof.
Ex: Suha (go) to school yesterday. (Past simple)
- Suha went to school yesterday.

10. قاعدة الماضي البسيط في حالة النفي هي:

Ex: Ali played football last week. ( negative ) حول إلى نفي
- Ali did not play football last week.
Ex: Salim forgot the book on the table. (negative)
- Salim did not forget the book on the table.
Ex: Suha went to school yesterday. (negative)
- Suha did not go to school yesterday.

11. قاعدة الماضي البسيط في حالة الاستفهام هي:

Ex: She visited her friend yesterday. (question) حول الى سؤال
- Did she visit her friend yesterday?
Ex: They bought a car last week. (question)
- Did they buy a car last week?
Ex: Ali went to school yesterday. (question)
- Did Ali go to school yesterday?

صحح الجمل التالية (مهم جداً):

Ex: Ali saw a film last night, but he (not like) it. ( correct ) صحح الجملة
- Ali saw a film last night, but he did not like it.
Ex: Did you (visit) the museum last summer? (correct)
- Did you visit the museum last summer?
Ex: Yousif (sell) his car last month. (correct)
- Yousif sold his car last month.
Ex: He (be) sick last week. (correct)
- He was sick last week.
Ex: They (be) very tired yesterday. (correct)
- They were very tired yesterday.

1. نستخدم الماضي المستمر للتعبير عن حدث وقع في الماضي وبقي مستمراً لفترة معينة.

2. قاعدة الماضي المستمر في حالة الإثبات هي:

Ex: I (play) football. ( past continuous ) حول الى الماضي المستمر
- I was playing football.
Ex: They (study) in London. (Past continuous)
- They were studying in London.

3. قاعدة الماضي المستمر في حالة النفي هي:

Ex: Nada was cooking in the kitchen. (negative) حول إلى نفي
- Nada was not cooking in the kitchen.
Ex: They were cleaning the house. (negative)
- They were not cleaning the house.

4. قاعدة الماضي المستمر في حالة الاستفهام:

Ex: The cat was eating. ( question ) حول إلى سؤال
- Was the cat eating?
Ex: They were sitting in the garden. (question)
- Were they sitting in the garden?

1. للتعبير عن التملك نستخدم (s') وتضاف إلى الأسماء فقط:

Ex: Ali’s car. / Salim’s bag. / The teacher’s book.

2. باستخدام صفة التملك أو ضمير التملك كما موضح في الجدول التالي:

أسئلة مهمة للامتحان:

Ex: This is Suha’s book, it is her book. (his – her)
Ex: This is Nada’s phone, it is hers. (her – hers)
Ex: Samera lost her watch; I think this is hers. (her – hers)
Ex: Hala doesn’t have a radio; I lent her mine. (my – mine)
Ex: Hala doesn’t have a radio, I lent her my radio. (my – mine)